Strategies to Overcome Marine Pollution Caused by Plastic Waste to Protect Marine Environment in Indonesia

eriskaginalita@gmail.com Abstract Nowadays marine pollution become a serious problem in the world espesially in Indonesia. Marine scientists have found harmful impact of marine pollution to marine environment, ecosystem and humans, there-quarter of all marine debris is plastic, a persistent and potentially hazardous pollutan. Plastic can be chemically harmful to wildlife, either because themselves potentially toxic or other toxic pollutan, the situation become worse when it come to marrine pollution caused by micro plastic, micro plastic is very dangerous for the ecosystem and the human in the world. Public awaarness to participate in maintaining the marine environment is decreasing day by day. Some people do not realise that microplastic are so danger to marine environment because most plastics in the ocean break up into very small particles, plastic is one of the kind of marine debris and it can come in all shapes and size, but those that are less than five millimeter in length. Indonesia is the second-biggest-contributor to ocean after China, with some estimates suggesting it is source of about 10% of global plastic pollution, if this problem can not be solved, there could be more plastic than fish in the ocean. Unfortunetly up to present we do not have any effective methode to clean up the ocean, the only thing that we can do is reduce the use of plastic in daily life. Marine pollution is become global problem so that is why we need some strategies to solved this problem, based on internatinal frame work Indonesia and others contries should do cooperation with others country and based on national legal frame works government should make special regulation to protect marine environment. Pollution from land-based sources, either direcly by urban or argiculuture discharger or indirecly through


Introduction
God has created human being to manage and bring the prosperity to the world. Human being can use the natural resources dan keep the environment 1 . The human beings have the power to use the environment but they should not do some activities that can bring natural damage. In the real life human being sometime make damage to the environment.
The ocean has played an important part in human history, primarily for transport and more limited extent as a source of food. Since ancient times ships have sailed the seas to carry on trade, to catch fish, to make war and to search for new land. And yet it is only in the last few decades that mankind came to realise the true potential of this vast area, which covers 71 per cent of earth's surface 2 .
In managing the environment our guiding principle is the concept of sustainable development which sets as development 's objective "the ability for present generation to meet their needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generation to meet their needs". More than that, the benefit of development whether now or in the future, should be shared in equity by all. This is not only because it is morally appropiate but also because persisting inequities and excessive discrepancies in level on human walfare will pose threats to security. 3 The protection of wild was one of the concern of international environmental regulation. Although the focus of this regulation has changed significantly over time, from primarily economic consideration to conservation consideration per se and increasingly to a combination of both (through 'natural capital' and 'ecosystem services ' approaches), this body of normtackling issues as diverse as the exploitation of fur seals, 4 whaling 5 , endangered spices, the pre Air and water pollution are not the only environmental problems that have international aspects. Some world resources such as seabed mineral and ocean fish can be effectively dealt with international agreement. What nations do to clean up domestic pollution affects international commerce since the cost of pollution control can change the the competitive posision of case domestically. And how nations regulate international transportation and import to eliminate source of pollution can also have a profound impace on trade. Nation can achieve economies and foriegn policy benefits by undertaking joint research and environmental information sharing with other nation.
Nowadays, marine pollution become global environental issue in the world esspecially in Indonesia. The world Economic Forum foresees that the ocean will be populated by more plastic than fish (by weight) by 2050. Indonesia is the second-biggest-contributor to ocean after China, with some estimates suggesting it is source of about 10% of global plastic pollution, if the global problem continue unchecked, there could be more plastic than fish in the ocean. Unfortunetly up to present we do not have any effective methode to clean up the ocean, the only thing that we can do is reduce the use of plastic in daily life.
Indonesia's 260 million population uses an estimated 9,8 bilion plastic per year-many of which wash into rivers and end up into ocean. 6 Marine scientists have found the impact harmful of marine pollution to sea life, ecosystem and humans, there-quarter of all marine debris is plastic, a persistent and potentially hazardous pollutan. Plastic can be chemically harmful to wildlife, either because themselves potentially toxic or other toxic pollutan, the situation become worse when it come to marrine pollution caused by micro plastic, micro plastic is very dangerous for the ecosystem and the human in the world. Plastic in the ocean has 1 Al-qu'an Surah Al-Jasiah : 13: a vast and detrimental on ocean wildlife and habitats and is found in every corner, from Artic to the Antarctic. 7 Up to present there is no effective methode to clean up the polluted ocean, all we have to do are just reduce the use of plastic material. It should be obvious that environmental problems do not stop at national boundaries nor are they stopped by ideological barries. Air and water pollution are environmental problems that have international implications. 8 II. Discussion

Indonesia as archipelagic State
Republic of Indoneaia is the world's largest archipelagic state, consist of with more than 18.000 island and over 7,9 milion square kilometres of the sea, that is why Indonesia has the second coastline in the world ( 54,176 km of seaside). With this geographycal situation Public awarness about the the descreasing of the quality of the environment is continue since 1960, but in the other hand people in the world are w orry about the condition of the environmental damage that endanger the waelfare and the daily life. waste that spread all over the ocean, mangrove forest in the world become strong evident that polluton caused by rubbish is serious problem. 9 Hence, with a population of almost 250 milion people, Indonesia would produce 187.336 tonnes of municipal solid water each day.
The pollution has caused damage to marine fisheries and post great impacts on beach tourism. It is essential to know the characteristics of waste discharge into coastal water and the assimilative capacity of the sea in order to standard of the effluents Humanity has ability to make development sustainable to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. 10 The situation become worse when it come to marine pollution by plastic waste. Plastic waste that enters the ocean have a multitude of cumulative and long-lasting impact on human health and marine life, and also affect certain economic sectors and navigation. Some people do not realise that microplastic are so danger to marine environment because most plastics in the ocean break up into very small particles, plastic is one of the kind of marine debris and it can come in all shapes and size, but those that are less than five millimeter in length.
Plastic in our oceans can arise from both land-based or marine sources. Plastics pollution from marine sources refers to the pollution caused by fishing fleets that leave behind fishing nets, line, ropes, and sometimes abandoned vessels Pollution from land-based sources share a dominant part of all pollutan entered the sea, rivers, estuaries, pipeline and outfall structures are included into land-based sources of marine pollution. State (coastal and continental) are obliged to establish laws, regulation, and other administrative measure to prevent land-based pollutan from entering the marine environment.

R. Eriska Ginalita Dwi Putri, Idris, R.A.Gusman Catur, Immamulhadi
[180] Environment Programe. Which suggests abandoned, lost, or discarded fishing gear contributes approximately 10 percent to tolal ocean plastic. 12 In general, the activities in land (land-based sources) that can bring pollution such as: (land-based pollution, deforestation, disposal of industrial waste, sewage disposal, disposal of agricultural waste, solid waste disposal, mangrove and swamp conversion, and reclamation. The activities in the sea that can bring pollution such as: shipping, ocean dumping, mining, oil exploration and exploitation, mariculture, and fishing.Land-based pollution is the biggest contributor of marine pollution, its responsible for 75 %-80% from all pollutant in the sea.
Marine pollution has been an ever present problem since the advent of large-scale agriculture activity and industrialization. However, significant laws and regulation at an international level to tackle the problem came only in mid-twentieth century. During United Nation Convention on Law and the sea in early 1950s, the various stakeholders come together to deliberate and formulate laws, pertaining to marine pollution. 13 According to research led by Jambek said that every years about 4,8 Milion metric ton enter plastic waste ending up into ocean, it caused Indonesia places the biggest pollutan after china. Indonesia is the second biggest contributor to ocean plastic after China Base on the chart above, Indonesia is the second-biggest-contributor to ocean after China, with some estimates suggesting it is source of about 10% of global plastic pollution, if the global problem continue unchecked, there could be more plastic than fish in the ocean. Unfortunetly up to present we do not have any effective methode to clean up the ocean, the only thing that we can do is reduce the use of plastic in daily life.
Some people do not realise that microplastic are so danger to marine environment because most plastics in the ocean break up into very small particles, plastic is one of the kind of marine debris and it can come in all shapes and size, but those that are less than five millimeter in length According to the United Nation Environtment Programme, plastic microbeads first appeared in personal about fifty years ago, with plastics increasingly replacing natural ingredients. As recently as 2012, this issue was still relatively unknown, with abundance of products containing plastic microbeads on the market and not a lot of awarenesson the part of consumers 14 Human rexistence depends on a stable and sustainable natural resources base. The marine and coastal environtment in Southeast Asia harbour such as a resources base. Thus, there is a value in mantaining the marine and coastal environments in a state of supporting use of marine resources.

Strategies
So many people have gone to the beach and enjoy the marine environment, but unfortunately most of people throws trash everywhere, esppesially palstic material such as; plastic bottle, plastic bag, straws, etc. We have to make sure that our activities in the marine environment are not polluting the marine environmnet. It is true that we have the right to enjoy the environment bu, in the other hand we also reponsibilty to protect the our environment, according to general principle of law " Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas" that said: " no states has the right to use or permit of its territory in sucha manner as to cause injury by fumes in or to the territory of another and that measure of control were necessary" According to International the of the sea said that : When states have reasonable grounds for believing that planned activities under their jurisdiction or control may have cause substansial pollution of or significant and harmful changes to the marine environment, they shall, as far as practicable assess the potential effects of such activities on the marine environment and shall commuicate report of the result of such assesment.
The exitence of a general duty to cooperate is well established in international law. This duty is formulated , inter alia, in Principle 4 of UN General Assembly Resolution 2625 on the ' Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relation and Cooperation among states". In some cases, the content of the duty can defined by an international tribunal. In the environmental context, the duty of cooperation has been contruued as requaring the exchage of information, the joint evaluation of the environmental impact of certain activities or more recently, the consultation of the secretariat of an environmental traety of particular relevance to the case. At its most basic level, cooperation will in all event require notification of, and consultatuon with potentially affected state.
In managing the environment our guiding principle is the concept of sustainable development which sets as development 's objective "the ability for present generation to meet their needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generation to meet their needs". More than that, the benefit of development whether now or in the future, should be shared in equity by all. This is not only because it is morally appropiate but also because persisting inequities and excessive discrepancies in level on human walfare will pose threats to security. 15 Regarding the obligation of activites that entail potentially serious risk, two main approces were posible. On the other hand some expert suggested the creation of strict liability regime. Under the system, any damage caused by a high-risk activity would be borne by the state of origin irrespective of its level deligence.

III. Conclusion
Nowadays, marine pollution become global environental issue in the world esspecially in Indonesia. Some people do not realise that microplastic are so danger to marine environment because most plastics in the ocean break up into very small particles, plastic is one of the kind of marine debris and it can come in all shapes and size, but those that are less than five millimeter in length. It should be obvious that environmental problems do not stop at national boundaries nor are they stopped by ideological barries. Air and water pollution are environmental problems that have international implications In the international frame work The exitence of a general duty to cooperate wheter regional or multilateral are well established ' Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relation and Cooperation among states" also can be one of the stratergies to overcome marine pollution caused by plastic waste, with cooperation the states can make agreement, action plan or exchange information about marine pollution caused by plastic waste.