Systematic Literature Review (SLR): the Analysis of the Juvenile Delinquency Trigger Factors and the Handling Efforts

Adolescence is a stage in development experienced by individuals that is different from previous periods. In this period individuals face puberty which is marked by the transition from childhood to adulthood. At this time, teenagers face doubt, uncertainty, emotional instability, so that their actions often deviate from values and norms, this deviation is influenced by many aspects both from within and from outside. The aim of this research is to identify, analyze, study and conclude the factors that trigger juvenile delinquency and efforts to overcome it. The method used in the research is library research with a systematic literature review (SLR) approach. Data collection was carried out using journal search techniques with the keywords "juvenile delinquency", "triggers or causes of juvenile delinquency", "efforts to overcome juvenile delinquency", from journals indexed by Sinta or Google Scholar, and Scopus which were published in the last six years, namely 2018-2023, Data validity testing is carried out by selecting journals based on inclusion and exclusion criteria which will be reviewed is currently analyzing the data by processing all collected articles identified based on inclusion and non-inclusion, place, index, content, then described and analyzed and concluded. The results of the research show that the triggering factors for juvenile delinquency consist of internal and external factors, internal factors namely from within oneself due to an identity crisis, weak control and self-control, and lack of discipline; while external factors include family environment, lack of attention and affection from parents, broken home, low knowledge and practice of religion, poor social environment, school environment, negative influence of peers, weak economy, uncontrolled use of social media information technology, low level of education, and carefree upbringing, while efforts are being made to control it with a strong understanding and practice of religion, democratic parenting, attention and affection and treatment of teenagers according to their age, giving good role models, giving trust and responsibility, training entrepreneurial entrepreneurs, and collaboration with youth organizations in providing sports activities and religious studies. This research provides information about the factors that cause juvenile delinquency and its prevention so that parents or schools can reduce or prevent juvenile delinquency.


INTRODUCTION
Teenager are individuals whose development is in the transition period from childhood to early adulthood with an age range between the ages of 15-21 year, during this period they experience overlapping turmoil due to experiencing puberty, According to Hurlock, this stage is called the negative period because their behavior is often negatively deviant [1].Based on age vulnerability, individual who is at the age of 10-24 years [2].Granville Stanley refers to a sensitive period when his feelings and emotions fluctuate like a hurricane (storm and stress) [3].During this period, teenagers often feel emotional uncertainty, so they often commit deviant or negative actions, This deviant act is called juvenile delinquency.Juvenile delinquency is often triggered by various factors such as: social environment, family environment, relationships and the influence of digital media [4].Juvenile Delinquency is a delinquency committed by adolescents with and considered to undermine the values, norms, that live and develop in society [2].Juvenile delinquency is an act of breaking the rules committed by teenagers that can damage and harm themselves and others.
Adolescents during puberty face serious dynamics marked by changes both physically and psychologically, so that their behavior often ignores existing values.This is done because they want to find and show their identity [8].During puberty, teenagers often commit acts that deviate from social, religious and legal norms.According to sociologist Kartono, teenage divergence is called "juvenile delinquency" namely an violence committed by a teenager, a social pathological condition in teenagers caused by forms of social neglect, which will develop towards deviant behavior [10].Acts of truancy, violating traffic on the road, forming gangs, theft, and the like [9].Social diseases that are carried out by teenagers as social neglect take the form of deviant behavior [11].Namely deviation from certain legal norms and social norms [12].
Delinquency committed by teenagers is at a dangerous crisis level because every year it always increases.From the results of the research conducted Komalasari in 2014 explained that the factors that trigger juvenile delinquency are based on internal factors, namely low self-control 64.67% and external factors from family 70.83%, school environment 73.33%, and friend environment 76%.Currently researching Patinus, dkk 2014 shows that social environmental factors, technological advances, and parenting patterns in the family influence juvenile delinquency [14].Parental behavior that triggers juvenile delinquency is, First, parents who are always worried and always protect their children, Second, parents who are too demanding.Children who are ambitiously educated with high demands may take over those values that are not realistic anymore, Third, parents who are too harsh, Fifth, parents are too permissive (completely permissible) [15].Based on data from KPAI between 2015-2020 regarding deviations committed by teenagers, the data can be explained as follows: data on juvenile delinquency involved in brawls during 2015-2020 there were 509 cases, data on children who commit violence at school (bullying) 450 cases, child data there are 368 cases of policy victims (children expelled because they are pregnant, dropping out of school), data on high school children's delinquency related to NAPSA health is 1,843 cases, followed by data on pornography and cybercrime cases with 3,516 cases and data on children in conflict with the law (ABH) with 7,327 KPAI cases (2015-2020).
Juvenile delinquency is the biggest problem that must be faced in order to prepare the nation's next generation, predictions for 2016 reach 8597.97 cases; in 2017 there were 9523.97cases; 2018 to 10549.70 cases; In 2019 it reached 11,685.90cases; and in 2020 there will be 12,944.47cases, an annual growth of 10.7% [16].Juvenile delinquency is a form of conflict that is not resolved properly during childhood or adolescence [17].Family is the main foundation in providing guidance, love, trust and openness so that children do not deviate [18].
Much research has been conducted on juvenile delinquency but has not specifically discussed the causes and efforts to overcome it.This research will discuss and analyze the literature using library research through the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) technique regarding the factors that cause juvenile delinquency and efforts to prevent it.
The aim of this research is to identify, study and analyze and make conclusions based on the entire research data article about the factors that influence juvenile delinquency and efforts to overcome it.The contribution of this paper provides information about the factors that cause juvenile delinquency and its prevention psychologically, socially, religiously and in activities.

MATERIALS AND MOTHODS
This research is qualitative research that uses the systematic literature review (SLR) method.Namely a research method for collecting and analyzing research results according to the research theme, Research using the SLR method aims to identify, analyze and draw conclusions from various research results related to the research theme.The process includes; 1) research questions, in this study the research questions are (1) what are the factors that trigger juvenile delinquency and (2) how to deal with it; 2) search process, currently the search process is being carried out in order to obtain primary data sources that are relevant in answering research questions.The search process was carried out using Google scholar, research gate, Sinta, DOAJ, skopus, and skimago to collect articles published in scientific journals that are indexed according to the year of publication of the required journal; 3) inclusion criteria, these inclusion criteria are carried out with the aim of selecting articles that are suitable or not to be used as research data.The keywords used in searching for articles are "factors that trigger juvenile delinquency, juvenile delinquency, overcoming juvenile delinquency".The articles collected are only those published in 2018-2023.
From several articles collected, those that were appropriate to the research focus were selected.Then the researchers grouped articles related to factors that trigger juvenile delinquency and how to overcome them [2].The inclusion and exclusion criteria are set as follows:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of the Inclusion Criteria Search and Selection Process.In the process of collecting literature on Google Scholar using the year size between 2018 -2023, 273 pieces of literature were produced.This large amount of literature was then further focused using keywords, causes of juvenile delinquency and solutions, then 61 pieces of literature were obtained, in fact these have not been identified based on the inclusion criteria.
The literature that has been obtained is selected using inclusion criteria.Previously there were 40 articles, after the inclusion criteria there were 37 indexed by Sinta and Google Scholar.And of those 37 became research data.Furthermore, 37 journal articles were indexed by Sinta and Google Scholar.Based on the data obtained, it is classified and presented in the following table Of the 37 articles that examine the factors that trigger juvenile delinquency and its prevention, namely 27 national articles and 10 international articles from the 37 articles.suggests that the factors that cause juvenile delinquency contained in articles from 2018 to 2023 are internal factors related to lack of self-control and identity crisis, while external factors include: a less harmonious family environment, lack of attention and affection, lack of understanding and the role of religion, broken home, influence of peers, mass media or use of wrong technology and information, weak economy, social/community environment, school environment, modernization, wrong parenting patterns, and low level of education.More details will be described in table 3. The factors that trigger juvenile delinquency are The causes of juvenile delinquency based on the research results above can be classified into 3 (three), namely the low role of parents in educating children, weak personality in rejecting negative actions, and low understanding and practice of religion.Adolescents will easily fall into juvenile delinquency when the adolescent's personality construct is not fully formed (perfect) or in conditions that are not conducive so that they are unable to deal with the factors that cause juvenile delinquency.Based on healthy personality theory, teenagers who commit deviant acts are more motivated by personality conditions that are formed in the family environment, either through identification, social interactions with children, or "significant people."not well formed and harmonious so that Fostering hope for both shortand long term impacts, seeking the attention of the opposite sex and fellow students with empathetic communication strategies, strategies for collaborating with religious teachers, conditioning needs to be met, providing guidance on analyzing the impact of a bad action, leadership, independence, conflict resolution, and sharing.
they will develop an unhealthy personality, namely having an attitude that is easily angry or offended, worried and anxious, depressed (stressed), Cruel (disturbing people), likes deviant actions because he is unable to avoid deviant behavior, lacks responsibility, is pessimistic and has no awareness [20].The personality of teenagers who experience delinquency can be identified as follows: 1) most are present-day, not forward-thinking;2) emotional problems; 3) attitudes and behavior are outside the normal social environment; 4) Lack of discipline [2].In social learning theory, it is explained that, most of a person's behavior is obtained from the results of learning through observing the behavior displayed by other individuals who are used as models, Then this behavior will become stronger when it gets a pleasant response and/or gets reinforcement from the model, [21].Nabavi (2016) argued, delinquent acts are a normal response from a biologically and psychologically normal person to certain social conditions, in fact we learn from our interactions with other people in a social context, through observation, imitation, and modeling [17].In developmental theory, it is stated that the concept of right and wrong behavior (good and deviant behavior) emerges during childhood.So childhood is a strong basis for a child's moral development, so that when they are teenagers Lawrence Kohlberg said that deviant behavior is due to having imperfect moral development) [22].
Based on the theory above, it can be clarified that the cause of adolescent behavior that is anatomically deviant is that conflict starts with the family as the center of identification and modeling of children, which does not work in harmony, well, lack of attention and affection and effective communication with children in instilling values.The formation of children's attitudes and behavior depends on parenting patterns that shape the child's character and personality.Personality as a multidimensional unification structure consisting of the core (centre of gravity of personality) and a structure that unites response pattern tendencies [20].So the behavior carried out by teenagers in response to various forms of stimulus will be carried out when the child's personality is unhealthy and will tend to be negative.
Based on the results of analysis from several articles that examine the triggers of juvenile delinquency based on the percentage between aspects, it can be explained as follows: As much 12/30 (0,4 %) triggers for juvenile delinquency from personal factors,23/30 (0,76 %) from parents or family factors that are less harmonious, 12/30 (0,4 %) lack of affection factor, 7/30 (0,2 %) broken home factor, 21/30 (0.7%) peer factor, 6/30 (0.2%) lack of understanding of religion, 12/30 (0.4%) incorrect use of information technology, 14/30 ( 0.5 %) low economic factors, 18/30 (0.6 %) poor community environmental factors, 14/30 (0.5 %) school environmental factors that have a bad influence, and 7/30 (0.2 %) low education factor.Based on research data related to the factors that trigger juvenile delinquency and how to deal with it, it can be explained in percentage form as follows: Based on the data shown in the image above, describes the high and low aspects that are most influential in causing juvenile delinquency, The main factor that most triggers juvenile delinquency in this study based on the literature can be explained as follows In order, the dominant triggers for juvenile delinquency are the family environment of parents and the love and attention of parents greatly influences the emergence of juvenile delinquency, then peers, and then economic weakness, then personal factors and lack of affection, next is the community environment, then low education and broken home parents, then low understanding of religion, and finally the school environment.Based on the data in Figure 2, it illustrates that the study of the factors that trigger juvenile delinquency and efforts to overcome it in the last 6 years, from 2018 to 2023 only Observation of problems related to factors that trigger juvenile delinquency is very limited to the last six years because there is too much research related to factors that trigger juvenile delinquency.It can be seen that research on the factors that trigger juvenile delinquency and how to deal with it experienced ups and downs based on the year, in 2018 it was down, and in 2019 it rose again, while in 2020 it fell again because it was still the Covid period, in 2021 it will rise slightly and in 2022 it will rise very rapidly and in 2023 it will finally fall again.The rise and fall of studies on the causes of juvenile delinquency was influenced by many things, including based on the number of incidents regarding juvenile delinquency at that time and considering that this matter was no longer interesting to discuss.Research on the factors that trigger juvenile delinquency and how to overcome them has been carried out in various places according to juvenile problems that occur in the areas where the research was conducted.Based on figure 3, above, about the factors that trigger juvenile delinquency are very diverse and are carried out mainly in big cities where there is a lot of juvenile delinquency, but not too much is done in remote villages, In fact, the reality is that juvenile delinquency that occurs today does not only occur in big cities, but the existence of social media has caused many village or village teenagers to commit crimes and juvenile delinquency.

Data Analysis Results
Adolescence is a period experienced by individuals in growth and development which is marked by puberty, namely the transition period (change from childhood to adolescence).This period is an overlapping period, so called because essentially the child's biological and psychological characteristics are still there and the characteristics of adolescents have begun to grow.This period is called a negative period because people often commit deviant actions [10].Adolescence is synonymous with a period full of challenges and crises.This period is synonymous with a period full of challenges and turmoil (crisis) [19].Hll calls this transition period "storm and stress" where teenagers are easily swayed by external influences because they face emotional turmoil so they find it difficult to accept other people's opinions if they do not match their wishes and often commit deviant actions.[23].Deviations committed by teenagers can be caused by internal and external factors [2].According to Kartono (2010), this deviant behavior is caused by social neglect [24].Juvenile delinquency is deviant behavior carried out by teenagers which leads to symptoms of social disease caused by social neglect and encourages behavior that deviates from the values and norms of society.[25].
categorizes juvenile delinquency in the four parts causing physical harm to another person secondly, causing victims of extortion, pickpocketing and other matters, third, social delinquency such as prostitution, drug use and the like fourth, breaking the rules as a status can be at school or against parents Juvenile delinquency occurs as a result of the "overlapping" period experienced by teenagers with unstable emotional turmoil, problems, and wanting to always show their identity as teenagers during puberty.[9].
Other factors that trigger delinquency are deviative social structures, group pressure, social roles and social status Juvenile delinquency is actually a real manifestation of conflict in childhood which was not resolved well during adolescence From the research results, it can be explained that the causes of juvenile delinquency are the influence of peers, education, spending free time, messy family living conditions, lack of parental attention and affection, parents' socio-economic status and inappropriate implementation of family discipline.[19].
The research results showed that the occurrence of juvenile delinquency can be internal or external, internal factors are factors that come from oneself due to weak selfcontrol, such as weak self-control, identity crisis, or as form of resistance to parents.Meanwhile, external factors are caused by a lack of love and attention from parents, the condition of a broken home, the influence of negative peer relationships,social environment, negative use of information technology further due to a weak economy, negative use of social media, and low understanding of religion Then another factor is low education While Widayati's research results show that the triggers for juvenile delinquency are lack of attention and affection from parents, lack of religious education, wrong relationships, wrong use of information technology, the solution is to provide public understanding of the causes of juvenile delinquency and its impacts, using technology correctly, providing positive activities that are beneficial for oneself, family and the environment Based on research results from research data, it shows that the trigger factors for teenagers to wear successively according to their dominance are very dominant influenced by family, lack of attention and affection, lack of communication with parents and too much freedom, as well as lack of religious knowledge [29].Furthermore, broken homes, weak economic conditions of parents, and inappropriate implementation of discipline.community environment, peers, and social media [27].Then peers and information technology [26].Low religious understanding, low education, and self-control [30].From all the literature based on the analysis of 30 articles, research data discussing the triggers of juvenile delinquency can be analyzed and it was concluded that the factor that has the most influence on juvenile delinquency is the supportive family environment0,80 % and then peers 0,70 %, These two aspects are very dominant in influencing the occurrence of juvenile delinquency.Furthermore, a weak economy, self-interest and the use of negative information techniques.This is confirmed by Walker that the social environment influences different behavior.This is proven that juvenile delinquency is influenced by peers [31].Based on research results from research data, it can be clarified that the dominant factors causing juvenile delinquency in sequence are as follows: 1) family environment, namely lack of attention and affection and warm communication between children and parents,2) negative peer interactions, 3) weak economy, 4) oneself, 5) negative use of information technology, 6) negative influence of the social environment, 7) broken home and low education, 8) school environment.Juvenile delinquency is a condition committed by teenagers who violate religious values, laws, norms and human values.Juvenile delinquency is an interesting phenomenon to discuss in order to find appropriate, fast and effective solutions.

CONCLUSION
Trigger factors for juvenile delinquency consist of: internal factors, namely identity crisis, weak self-control, and lack of discipline; external factors, namely a family environment that lacks attention and affection, bad peer relationships, weak economy, negative use of information technology, community environment, broken home, low understanding and practice of religion, low education, school environment, and carefree parenting.Efforts to control this are by providing a strong understanding of religion and religious practices, democratic parenting, attention and affection and treatment of teenagers according to their age, providing good role models, providing trust and responsibility, training for entrepreneurial entrepreneurs, and collaborating with youth organizations in providing sports activities, religious studies.The findings of this research provide understanding and information that the most dominant cause of juvenile delinquency is the lack of role of parents (family.Parents are the shapers of children's personalities, with adequate attention and affection as well as harmonious communication, children will develop their personalities well so that they are able to prevent deviant actions (delinquency).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Factors that trigger juvenile delinquency

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Criteria based on the year of publication

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Articles based on research location

Table 2 .
Articles related to factors that trigger juvenile delinquency and efforts to overcome them

Table 3 .
Factors that trigger juvenile delinquency and their control