Energy Efficiency Strategies in Electric Railway Traction Systems: A Systematic Review with Implications for Developing Countries
Strategi Efisiensi Energi dalam Sistem Traksi Kereta Api Listrik: Tinjauan Sistematis dengan Implikasi bagi Negara Berkembang
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30595/jrst.v10i1.28997Keywords:
traction power quality, operational optimization, instutional cooperation, technology transfer barriers, sustainable urban mobilityAbstract
Electric railway systems are widely recognized as energy-efficient transport modes; however, significant gaps remain between theoretical efficiency and operational performance in developing countries. In Indonesia, regenerative braking simulations indicate recovery potentials of up to 78%, while actual implementation in the Jabodebek LRT achieves only about 15.65%. This study aims to identify context-appropriate energy efficiency strategies and explain the structural factors limiting their transferability from developed to developing railway systems. This research employed a systematic literature review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A total of 33 peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2025 were selected from Scopus, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected literature was analyzed through an integrated framework combining vehicle, operational, and infrastructure perspectives. The results indicate that effective energy savings depend on synergistic integration across system levels, a condition rarely achieved in developing contexts due to power quality instability, fragmented operational planning, and limited institutional coordination. While advanced technologies such as regenerative braking and energy storage systems offer high theoretical benefits, their practical effectiveness is constrained by local infrastructure readiness. Conversely, low-cost operational measures such as eco-driving and harmonic mitigation demonstrate higher feasibility and immediate impact. The primary contribution of this review is the conceptualization of the "adaptation gap" as a critical barrier to technology transfer and the proposal of a phased implementation roadmap that prioritizes operational optimization and power quality improvement before large-scale infrastructure investment.The findings provide an evidence-based roadmap for urban rail operators in resource-constrained environments, emphasizing the need for coordinated institutional frameworks to bridge the adaptation gap between technological design and operational reality.
ABSTRAK (Bahasa Indonesia)
Meskipun Sistem kereta api listrik dikenal sebagai moda transportasi yang hemat energi, namun dalam praktiknya masih terdapat kesenjangan besar antara potensi efisiensi teoretis dan kinerja operasional di negara berkembang. Di Indonesia, simulasi pengereman regeneratif menunjukkan potensi pemulihan energi hingga 78%, sementara implementasi nyata pada LRT Jabodebek hanya mencapai kurang dari 20%. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi strategi efisiensi energi yang sesuai konteks serta menjelaskan faktor struktural yang membatasi transferabilitas teknologi dari negara maju ke negara berkembang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode systematic literature review mengikuti pedoman PRISMA 2020. Sebanyak 33 artikel bereputasi yang terbit pada periode 2010–2025 dikumpulkan dari basis data Scopus, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, dan Google Scholar melalui kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditetapkan. Literatur yang terpilih dianalisis menggunakan kerangka terintegrasi yang mencakup aspek kendaraan, operasional, dan infrastruktur. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan efisiensi energi secara signifikan hanya dapat dicapai melalui integrasi sinergis antar tingkat sistem, kondisi yang jarang terpenuhi di negara berkembang akibat ketidakstabilan kualitas daya, fragmentasi perencanaan operasi, serta keterbatasan koordinasi kelembagaan. Meskipun teknologi lanjut seperti pengereman regeneratif dan sistem penyimpanan energi menawarkan manfaat teoretis yang tinggi, efektivitas praktisnya sering terhambat oleh kesiapan infrastruktur lokal. Sebaliknya, intervensi berbiaya rendah seperti eco-driving dan mitigasi harmonisa menunjukkan tingkat kelayakan yang lebih tinggi serta dampak yang lebih cepat. Kontribusi utama penelitian ini adalah konseptualisasi 'kesenjangan adaptasi' sebagai penghambat kritis transfer teknologi serta pengusulan peta jalan implementasi bertahap yang memprioritaskan optimasi operasional dan perbaikan kualitas daya sebagai fondasi sebelum investasi infrastruktur skala besar."Temuan ini menyediakan peta jalan berbasis bukti bagi operator kereta perkotaan di lingkungan dengan keterbatasan sumber daya, sekaligus menegaskan pentingnya kerangka koordinasi kelembagaan untuk menjembatani kesenjangan adaptasi antara desain teknologi dan realitas operasional.
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