Menjaga Nafkah, Menata Strategi: Analisis SWOT pada Rumah Tangga Petani Jagung di Desa Manjapai Kecamatan Bontonompo Kabupaten Gowa
Keywords:
livelihood strategies, maize farmers, household livelihoods, IFAS–EFAS, IE matrix, SWOT analysisAbstract
Studi ini meneliti struktur mata pencaharian rumah tangga petani jagung di Desa Manjapai, mengidentifikasi faktor internal dan eksternal yang membentuk strategi mata pencaharian, dan merumuskan opsi penguatan mata pencaharian menggunakan kerangka kerja berbasis SWOT. Penelitian lapangan dilakukan di Desa Manjapai, Kecamatan Bontonompo, Kabupaten Gowa (Mei–Juli 2025) dengan menggunakan desain kualitatif deskriptif melalui observasi langsung dan wawancara mendalam. Penilaian strategis dilakukan menggunakan Ringkasan Analisis Faktor Internal (IFAS), Ringkasan Analisis Faktor Eksternal (EFAS), matriks Internal–Eksternal (IE), dan analisis SWOT. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa mata pencaharian rumah tangga sebagian besar masih bergantung pada kegiatan pertanian (pertanian jagung); namun, sebagian besar rumah tangga secara aktif melakukan diversifikasi ke usaha pertanian lainnya, pekerjaan di luar pertanian, dan kegiatan non-pertanian untuk mengatasi ketidakpastian cuaca, risiko gagal panen, dan volatilitas pendapatan. Pengeluaran rumah tangga sebagian besar dialokasikan untuk kebutuhan dasar, pendidikan, kesehatan, dan biaya operasional pertanian, sementara sebagian rumah tangga menunjukkan kapasitas tabungan yang relatif kuat. Skor IFAS (3,20) dan skor EFAS (2,91) menempatkan strategi mata pencaharian rumah tangga di Sel IV Matriks IE (“Tumbuh dan Membangun”), menunjukkan bahwa rumah tangga berada dalam posisi yang menguntungkan untuk memperluas dan mengkonsolidasikan mata pencaharian mereka melalui peningkatan kapasitas produksi, dukungan kelembagaan, dan peningkatan akses pasar. Oleh karena itu, empat prioritas strategis direkomendasikan: (1) Strategi S–O, mengoptimalkan penggunaan lahan dan produktivitas jagung melalui dukungan benih/pupuk bersubsidi dan pelatihan berbasis kelompok tani sambil memperluas akses pasar dan mengembangkan produk bernilai tambah; (2) Strategi W–O, mengurangi kendala modal dan ketergantungan pada perantara dengan memperkuat kelompok tani sebagai platform untuk akses ke pembiayaan dan pemasaran kolektif untuk meningkatkan daya tawar; (3) Strategi S–T, memanfaatkan tenaga kerja keluarga, pengelolaan keuangan rumah tangga, dan sumber pendapatan tambahan untuk melindungi dari fluktuasi harga, kenaikan biaya input, dan risiko terkait iklim; dan (4) Strategi W–T, mengurangi kerentanan melalui peningkatan literasi keuangan, diversifikasi usaha/tanaman, dan peningkatan kapasitas untuk pengelolaan hama dan adaptasi iklim melalui lembaga kelompok tani .
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