Abstract

This study aims to examine the mechanisms of lexical access in native speakers from a neurolinguistic perspective, with a particular focus on the processes of activation and selection of lexical representations in spontaneous spoken discourse. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data consisting of naturally occurring utterances produced by five native speakers of Indonesian. The data were collected through recorded conversations and analyzed by identifying surface-level linguistic markers, such as pauses, repetitions, self-repairs, and lexical stress, which reflect the dynamics of lexical access. The findings indicate that the process of lexical activation does not occur in a linear manner; rather, it involves competition among lexical representations prior to the final selection stage. This phenomenon is theoretically consistent with models of speech production that emphasize the interaction between activation and lexical selection control. This study contributes to theoretical neurolinguistics by presenting an analysis based on natural speech data in the context of the Indonesian language. The findings enrich the understanding of lexical access mechanisms in spontaneous speech production and demonstrate that surface-level linguistic phenomena can serve as a basis for interpreting cognitive processes in language production. The novelty of this study lies in its examination of lexical access mechanisms based on spontaneous spoken data, positioning lexical stress as a prosodic indicator of the lexical selection stage—an aspect that has rarely been addressed in previous neurolinguistic studies, which are generally based on experimental tasks.

There is no Figure or data content available for this article

References

• Anis, M., Arif, R., Udin, M. D., Kasyfillah, M. H. (2023). Implikasi Mata Kuliah Psikoneurososiolinguistik ( Psikolinguistik , Neurolinguistik Dan Sosiolinguistik ). Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 13(1).
• Antonius, P. (2019). Psikolinguistik: Memahami Aspek Mental dan Neurologis Berbahasa. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
• AuBuchon, A. M., Elliott, E. M., Morey, C. C., Jarrold, C., Cowan, N., Adams, E. J., Voracek, M. (2022). Lexical Access Speed and the Development of Phonological Recoding during Immediate Serial Recall. Journal of Cognition and Development, 23(5), 624–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2022.2083140
• Broos, W. P. J., Duyck, W., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2019). Monitoring speech production and comprehension: Where is the second-language delay? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(7), 1601–1619.
• Budiwiyanto, A., & Suhardijanto, T. (2020a). Frequency and structure of Indonesian lexical bundles on academic prose in legal studies: A driven-corpus approach. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the Third International Seminar on Recent Language, Literature, and Local Culture Studies, BASA, 20-21 September 2019, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia, 20, 21, 101.
• Budiwiyanto, A., & Suhardijanto, T. (2020b). Indonesian lexical bundles in research articles: Frequency, structure, and function. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 292–303. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v10i2.28592
• Cahya, A. D., Gustianingsih, & Sembiring, S. (2025). Impaired Lexical Production of Indonesian Nominans in. Jurnal Sastra Indonesia (Sastra, Bahasa, Budaya),14(01).
• Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications.
• Danil, M., Nova, P. D., Febria, R., & Riau, U. I. (2023). SAJAK. 2, 106–110.
• Dardjowidjojo, S. (2025). Psikolinguistik: Pengantar Pemahaman Bahasa Manusia. Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
• Dell, G. S. (1986). A Spreading-Activation Theory of Retrieval in Sentence Production. Psychological Review, 93(3), 283–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.3.283
• Diwansyah, F. A., Rosidin, O., & Juansah, D. E. (2025). Hambatan Fonologis pada Remaja Tanpa Disleksia dalam Membaca Kata Kompleks: Perspektif Psikolinguistik. Jurnal Onoma: Pendidikan, Bahasa, Dan Sastra, 11(3), 3025–3034. https://doi.org/10.30605/onoma.v11i3.6382
• Dorokhova, L. (2023). Signatures of monitoring in speech and their precursors: a multi-facet outlook. Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LPL.
• Farijanti, D., Martawijaya, A. P., Kurniati, Y., Apriyanto, A., Liyana, C. I., Mahmudah, F., Tartila, T., Bunga, J., Sepriano, S., & Efitra, E. (2024). Buku Ajar Pengantar Linguistik. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia.
• Gósy, M. (2023). Occurrences and durations of filled pauses in relation to words and silent pauses in spontaneous speech. Languages, 8(1), 79.
• Hanulovà, J., Davidson, D. J., & Indefrey, P. (2011). Where does the delay in L2 picture naming come from? psycholinguistic and neurocognitive evidence on second language word production. Language and Cognitive Processes, 26(7), 902–934. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2010.509946
• Hartsuiker, R. J., & Strijkers, K. (2023). Language production. Routledge.
• Hidayah, N., & Mahliatussikah, H. (2024). Pemerolehan Bahasa Ibu dalam Perspektif Psikolinguistik: Proses, Faktor, dan Implikasi. : : Jurnal Pendidikan, Pengajaran, Bahasa, Dan Sastra, 2(1)
• Interaksionis, P., & Rosvita, I. (2025). Dinamika Pemerolehan Bahasa Anak dalam Perspektif Pendahuluan. 5(4), 5496–5503.
• Irham, Arifuddin, & Sulistia Indah. (2023). Analisis Persepsi Ujaran dalam Sudut Pandang Psikologi Bahasa. Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 6(1), 89–101.
• Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999). A thoery of lexical sccess in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 1–75.
• Muhayyang, M., & Sakkir, G. (2025). Neurolinguistic Profiles of Language Impairment and Recovery in Indonesian-Speaking Post-Stroke Aphasia Patients. Celebes Journal of Language Studies, 5(1).
• Muliana, Jawilovia, Z., & Fatmawati. (2025). Proses Pemahaman Bahasa: Analisis Psikolinguistik Otak Manusia. Socius: Jurnal Penelitian …, 2(January), 2–7.
• Nenoliu, D. S., Sritaman, N. L., & Putrayasa, I. B. (2024). Analisis Linguistik Strukturalisme dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia. JURNALISTRENDi : JURNAL LINGUISTIK, SASTRA, DAN PENDIDIKAN, 9(1), 285–292. https://doi.org/10.51673/jurnalistrendi.v9i1.1963
• Nozari, N. (2025). Monitoring, control and repair in word production. Nature Reviews Psychology, 4(3), 222–238.
• Nozari, N., & Hepner, C. R. (2019). To select or to wait? The importance of criterion setting in debates of competitive lexical selection. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 36(5–6), 193–207.
• Nurhayati, D. A. W. (2020). Phonology and Online Media Used in Enhancing Listening Skill. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 5(2), 267. https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v5i2.278
• Pickering, M. J., & Strijkers, K. (2025). Language Production and Prediction in a Parallel Activation Model. Topics in Cognitive Science, 17(4), 936–947. https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12775
• Prihatini, A., & Pangesti, F. (2019). Tip of the Tongue Dalam Produksi Bahasa Lisan. Prosiding SENASBASA, 3(2), 356–362.
• Putra, R. A., Aziz, M. F., & Syamsuddin, S. (2024). Examining lexical density of Bahasa Indonesia for foreign language learners (BIPA) textbook. LingTera, 11(1), 1–12.
• Rahmadani1, R. (2025). Hubungan+Bahasa,+Pikiran+dan+Otak(1).
• Ries, S. K., Dronkers, N. F., & Knight, R. T. (2016). Choosing words: left hemisphere, right hemisphere, or both? Perspective on the lateralization of word retrieval. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1369(1), 111–131.
• Rohmatul, L. (2024). Neuro LinguisticProgramming(NLP)sebagai Katalisator Keterampilan Retorika Mahasiswa.
• Roos, N. M., Takashima, A., & Piai, V. (2023). Functional neuroanatomy of lexical access in contextually and visually guided spoken word production. Cortex, 159, 254–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2022.10.014
• Runnqvist, E. (2023). Self-monitoring: The neurocognitive basis of error monitoring in language production. In Language production (pp. 168–190). Routledge.
• Runnqvist, E., Strijkers, K., & Costa, A. (2019). Error-based learning and lexical competition in word production: Evidence from multilingual naming. PLoS ONE, 14(3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213765
• Sá-Leite, A. R., & Lago, S. (2024). The role of word form in gender processing during lexical access: A theoretical review and novel proposal in language comprehension. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 31(5), 1934–1953. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-023-02426-8
• Şahin, İ., Cakmakoglu Arici, N., & Koç, D. E. (2026). Tour guiding technologies: a bibliometric analysis, mapping trends and future research agenda. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 1–35.
• Sholikhah, N., & Hariri, T. (2025). Kemampuan Bahasa Tulis pada Individu dengan Alzheimer: Kajian Neurolinguistik. GHANCARAN: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia, 6(2), 483–499. https://doi.org/10.19105/ghancaran.v6i2.15370
• Sirulhaq, A., Sukri, S., Jafar, S., & Burhanuddin, B. (2023). Potential Words in Indonesian Language: Lingua Cultura, 16(2), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v16i2.8674
• Tsabita, N. D., Amilia, F., & Anggraeni, A. W. (2025). Kilir Lidah Pada Podhub# Closethedoor Di Youtube. Fon: Jurnal Pendidikan …, 21, 606–623.

How to Cite This

Article Metrics

Download Statistics

Other Statistics

Copyright and Permissions

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).

LEKSIKA is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Data Availability