Impact of Overloading and Overdimensioned Loads on Vehicle Aerodynamics and Operating Costs Using CFD Simulation and HDM-4 Model

Pengaruh Beban dan Dimensi Muatan Berlebih Terhadap Aerodinamika dan Biaya Operasi Kendaraan Berbasis Simulasi CFD dan Model HDM-4

Authors

  • Pradhana Wahyu Nariendra Program Studi Manajemen Transportasi, Sekolah Logistik dan Transportasi, Universitas Logistik dan Bisnis Internasional, Indonesia
  • Juanita Program Studi Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik dan Sains, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30595/jrst.v10i1.30021

Keywords:

overdimension, aerodynamic resistance, frontal area, operating costs

Abstract

Overdimension and overloading (ODOL) practices in coal transport trucks in Indonesia contribute to increased Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC), energy inefficiency, and accelerated road infrastructure deterioration. Although the HDM-4 model has been widely applied for operational cost estimation, most previous studies rely on default aerodynamic parameters that do not adequately represent geometric changes caused by excessive loading. This study aims to develop a more accurate VOC estimation by integrating Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations with calibration of the HDM-4 Level II model under progressive overload conditions. The analysis was conducted on open-body trucks with a 1.2 axle configuration across five loading scenarios ranging from 8 to 12 tonnes. Actual aerodynamic parameters, including frontal area (AF) and drag coefficient (Cd), were obtained through CFD simulations and incorporated into the HDM-4 model to estimate fuel, lubricant, and tyre costs. The results indicate that increasing the payload from 8 to 12 tonnes enlarges the frontal area from 4.08 m² to 4.69 m² and raises the drag coefficient from 0.73 to 0.87, thereby increasing aerodynamic resistance and engine power demand. Economically, this condition leads to a 13.06% increase in fuel costs and a 3.55% increase in tyre costs compared with the standard load condition. These findings demonstrate that integrating actual aerodynamic parameters into the HDM-4 framework produces VOC estimates that are more sensitive to variations in loading configuration. The proposed approach provides methodological contributions to evaluating the economic impacts of ODOL practices and supports the strengthening of overload control policies.

 

ABSTRAK (Bahasa Indonesia)

Praktik Overdimension dan Overloading (ODOL) pada truk angkutan batubara di Indonesia berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan Biaya Operasi Kendaraan (BOK), pemborosan energi, dan percepatan kerusakan infrastruktur jalan. Meskipun model HDM-4 telah banyak digunakan untuk estimasi biaya operasional, sebagian besar studi masih mengandalkan parameter aerodinamika default yang belum merepresentasikan perubahan geometri akibat muatan berlebih. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan estimasi BOK yang lebih akurat melalui integrasi simulasi Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) dengan kalibrasi model HDM-4 Level II pada kondisi overload progresif. Analisis dilakukan pada truk bak terbuka konfigurasi sumbu 1.2 dengan lima skenario muatan antara 8 hingga 12 ton. Parameter aerodinamika aktual berupa luas area frontal (AF) dan koefisien hambatan (Cd) diperoleh melalui simulasi CFD dan digunakan sebagai input kalibrasi dalam model HDM-4 untuk menghitung biaya bahan bakar, pelumas, dan ban. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan muatan dari 8 menjadi 12 ton meningkatkan AF dari 4,08 m² menjadi 4,69 m² dan menaikkan Cd dari 0,73 menjadi 0,87, yang memperbesar hambatan aerodinamis dan kebutuhan daya mesin. Secara ekonomi, kondisi tersebut meningkatkan biaya bahan bakar sebesar 13,06% dan biaya ban sebesar 3,55% dibandingkan muatan standar. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa integrasi parameter aerodinamika aktual ke dalam HDM-4 menghasilkan estimasi BOK yang lebih sensitif terhadap perubahan konfigurasi muatan. Pendekatan ini memberikan kontribusi metodologis dalam evaluasi dampak ekonomi praktik ODOL serta mendukung penguatan kebijakan pengendalian muatan berlebih.

Author Biographies

Pradhana Wahyu Nariendra, Program Studi Manajemen Transportasi, Sekolah Logistik dan Transportasi, Universitas Logistik dan Bisnis Internasional, Indonesia

Program Studi Manajemen Transportasi, Sekolah Logistik dan Transportasi, Universitas Logistik dan Bisnis Internasional, Indonesia

Juanita, Program Studi Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik dan Sains, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Indonesia

Program Studi Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik dan Sains, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Indonesia

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Published

2026-03-07

How to Cite

Nariendra, P. W., & Juanita, J. (2026). Impact of Overloading and Overdimensioned Loads on Vehicle Aerodynamics and Operating Costs Using CFD Simulation and HDM-4 Model: Pengaruh Beban dan Dimensi Muatan Berlebih Terhadap Aerodinamika dan Biaya Operasi Kendaraan Berbasis Simulasi CFD dan Model HDM-4. JRST (Jurnal Riset Sains Dan Teknologi), 10(1), B.87 - B.100. https://doi.org/10.30595/jrst.v10i1.30021

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Section

Research in Engineering Sciences and Technology

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